International Conference on Pharmacology and Toxicology

In recent years, there are many disputes going between Pharma and Healthcare organisation which will have impact on the sick people. Effective and cheap health promoting activities are supported by industry because they are not patented and low-cost. As the result most affected are the sick, poverty-stricken and the minimum educated ones, free market successes appear to pose unsolvable challenges to justice in social public health. The major factor is Advertising Drugs and Selling Sickness. Public advertising gets increasingly powerful using aggressive direct-to-consumer marketing, payments to celebrities for appearing on TV shows and telling about their illnesses and cures, and sophisticated targeting of consumer groups that will then effectively lobby insurers and regulators for the industry’s causes A most remarkable tactic for expanding drug markets is “disease mongering,” i.e., trying to convince essentially well people that they are sick by medicalization of tr

Innovative and complex ideas in the field of polymer injectable drug delivery systems. For customised products such as new and innovative Injectable Drug Delivery Systems, it needs a wide range of polymer technologies including injection moulding, extrusion and assembly. Starting with a first idea through prototyping, design studies, risk analysis, research and development up to mass serial production under clean room conditions, packaging and sterilisation the complete supply chain is more than just complex. Innovative Injectable Drug Delivery Systems With a share, injectable of about 25% was the number two in the global pharma market in 2010, preceded only by oral medication. Double-digit growth rates, for example, in the areas of biotech products and injectable generics show the importance of this market segment. Oral administration tops the list of approved pharmaceuticals, with approximately 7,468 total products on the market or approved for marketing. However, when lookin

Drug toxicology is about the harmful effects of drugs in the animal and human body. Drug-receptor interactions are fundamental to understanding the beneficial properties of a drug, so too are these interactions crucial in understanding the adverse effects of a drug. Drugs are xenobiotic that can be recognized by the immune system as foreign substances. Most small molecule drugs with a mass of less than 600 Daltons are not direct immunogens, but act as haptens, where the drug binds (often covalently) to a protein in the body and is then capable of triggering an immune response. If a drug is sufficiently large (e.g., a therapeutic peptide or protein), it may directly activate the immune system. The two principal immune mechanisms by which drugs can produce damage are hypersensitivity responses (allergic responses) and autoimmune reactions. Whether a drug will do more harm than good in an individual patient depends on many factors, including the patient’s age, genetic makeu

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the science dealing with the detection, reporting and prevention of long and short term adverse effects of drugs. A vast amount of adverse drug reactions can reduce the quality of life, increase hospitalization stays and increase the risk of death rates. Adverse drug reactions are projected to be 3-7% of hospital admissions in the US. The main universal obstacle is the under-reporting of adverse drugs reactions that can be due to the lack of time and report forms . WHO has defined adverse drug reactions by "harmful or unintended reaction to a medication happens at a standard measurement".  ADRs are mainly classified to Type A and Type B. Type A response is connected with the pharmacological activities of the medication and unlisted/unexpected adverse drug reaction. While Type B response is listed/expected adverse drug reaction. Type A response is 80% more major and common than Type B reaction. ADRs relate to mortality. Recent estimations sh